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Imagination, Mental Imagery, Consciousness, Cognition: Science, Philosophy & History.
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A resource for the philosophical, scientific, and historical study of imagination and mental imagery, and their role in consciousness and cognition.
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<font color="#990033" size=7>Imagination,<br>
Mental Imagery,<br>
Consciousness, and Cognition:<br>
<font size=5>Scientific, Philosophical and Historical Approaches.</font></font>
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A resource for the study of imagination and mental images and their relevance
to the understanding of consciousness and cognition, as approached primarily
through the methods of analytical philosophy, experimental psychology, cognitive
science, and the history of ideas/intellectual history.
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<li><a href="#afterfive">Imagination</a></li>
<li><a href="#my">Introductory articles on imagination, mental imagery and consciousness</a></li>
<li><a href="#Research">Mental imagery and imagination: research articles, conference papers, etc.</a></li>
<li> <a href="#other">Other issues in the theory of mind and consciousness</a></li>
<li><a href="#biochem">Some material on the history of Biochemistry</a></li>
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<a name="afterfive"></a>
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<p align="center"><b><font size="5" color="#006600">Imagination</font></b></p>
<p>
<font size="4">Imagination is what makes our sensory experience meaningful,
enabling us to interpret and make sense of it, whether from a conventional perspective
or from a fresh, original, individual one. It is what makes perception more
than the mere physical stimulation of sense organs. It also produces mental
imagery, visual and otherwise, which is what makes it possible for us to think
outside the confines of our present perceptual reality, to consider memories
of the past and possibilities for the future, and to weigh alternatives against
one another. Thus, imagination makes possible all our thinking about what is,
what has been, and, perhaps most important, what might be.<a class="balloon" href="#afterfive" rel="af5balloon"><font size="2">[Note]</font></a></font>
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<a href="#nav"><font size="2">Return
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<div align="right"><font color="#006600" size="4">Nigel J.T. Thomas</font></div>
<div id="af5balloon" class="balloonstyle" style="width: 490px; background-color: #ddeeff"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#003300" size="2">This "quote" was solicited
from me by the editor of a "lifestyle" magazine
called <b>AfterFive</b> that was supposed to begin publication in late
2002 or early 2003. It was going to be included in a brief feature on
<em>Imagination</em> that was planned for the first issue, possibly
along with a few words about me and my work (they even asked me for a photo!).
However, <b>AfterFive</b> seems never actually to have appeared. I did not hear from them after
late 2002, and their Website disappeared some time after that. Nevertheless, I am
quite pleased with the "quote" I wrote for them. Of course,
any fool can make magniloquent claims about the imagination, and many
do, but I actually have arguments and evidence to back mine
up.</font><font size="2" color="#006600"> - <i>N.J.T.T.</i></font> </div>
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<strong><font size="4">
<!-- To Oct 13 2012 -->
Imagery and Competitive Performance</font></strong>
</p>
<p class="nomar">
Most leading <a href="http://www.bepress.com/jirspa/" target="_blank" class="unob">athletes</a>,
and many others who play competitive games of skill at the highest levels, such
as <a href="http://www.pokerlistings.com/poker-strategy-articles" target="_blank" class="unob">professional poker players</a> and
chess masters, make extensive use of imagery when they prepare for competition,
as well as when they strategize during play. Appropriate visualization exercises
can help to prepare the imagination for competition, getting a player "into
the zone" of
peak performance.
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<p align="center"><b><font color="#006600" size=4><a name="about"></a>Site created & maintained by</font><br>
<font color="#006600" size=6>Nigel J.T. Thomas Ph.D.</font></b> </p>
<div align="center">
<p>
I am a philosopher, cognitive scientist, and historian of science
and psychology. I formerly taught at the<strong> California Institute of Technology (Caltech)</strong>, at <strong>California
State University, Los Angeles,</strong> and, on-and-off, at other colleges
in the Los Angeles area, but I have now returned to live in my native Great Britain. <a href="cv.htm">Click here for my <em><strong>Curriculum
Vitae</strong></em>.</a> I have a particular research interest in what I believe
to be the closely related topics of <a href="#my">imagination, mental imagery</a>,
<a href="#other">consciousness, conscious thought, and intentionality</a>.
This page provides access to some of <a href="#my">my writings</a> (published
and unpublished) on these topics (and on the <a href="#biochem">history of science</a>).
I also provide <a href="#extlinks">several lists of commented links to other online resources</a>
that may be useful to students of these topics. Since consciousness and cognition
are already so well served, this site will concentrate mainly on linking to
material on imagination and mental images. (And if anyone wants to offer me
a job...<br>
<a href="cont.htm" target="_blank"><img width="60" height="59"
alt="Mail me" src="mail.gif"><br>
<font size=2>Email me!</font></a>
</p>
<p align="Left">
I would like to put in links to more sites dealing with related topics, particularly <strong>imagination
and mental imagery approached from serious scientific, philosophical or historical
perspectives</strong> (there is plenty of consciousness and cognition on the
web already). If you have, or know of, any such sites, or if you have work that
you think might be appropriate to have made available here, please <a href="cont.htm" target="_blank">email me</a>.
<p align="Left">
Also please <a href="cont.htm">email me</a> with any comments or questions you
might have about this site or my work.I try to reply to most polite and relevant
queries, at least if I have something useful to say, but I cannot promise replies. Please
note that I am neither qualified nor willing to give medical or psychiatric
advice. I am not going to do your homework or class assignments for you either!
<p align="center">
<a href="#nav"><font size="2">Return
to Navigation panel</font></a><br>
</div>
<p align="center">
<hr align="center" size=5>
<h1 align="center">
<font color="#006600" size=7><b><a name="my">My Writings</a></b></font>
</h1>
<div align="center">
<table align="Center" bgcolor="#9CDDFF" border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4>
<tr>
<td align="Center"><font size=1> <a href="#imimc">Imagery, imagination & consciousness</a>
</font></td>
<td align="Center"><font size=1> <a href="#other">Other issues in the theory
of mind and consciousness</a> </font></td>
<td align="Center"><font size=1> <a href="#biochem">The history of biochemistry</a>
</font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p align="center"> Each of the links listed below leads to an article of mine, or sometimes to
an abstract linked to the article itself. Items that have already been formally
published in refereed journals, books, etc., or are accepted for publication and
currently in press, are marked with an asterisk (<font color="Blue">*</font>).
Most of the other items were presentations at academic conferences.<br>
<font color="#006600"><em><b>Nigel J.T. Thomas Ph.D.</b></em></font>
<p>
<hr width="50%">
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<p>
<h2>
<a href="#my" name="imimc"><font color="#336600"><u>Mental imagery, imagination,
and conscious thought:</u></font></a>
</h2>
<p>
<ul class="sidemar3">
<li>
<h3> Encyclopedia and Dictionary entries (relatively introductory):</h3>
<ul class="sidemar3">
<li><b><a href="mipia.htm">An Introduction to the Science and Philosophy
of Mental Imagery.</a></b><a href="mipia.htm">*</a><br>
<font size="2">This is now published in the <cite><strong><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0470016191?ie=UTF8&tag=imagmentimagc-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0470016191" target="_blank">Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science</a><img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=imagmentimagc-20&l=as2&o=1&a=0470016191" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" />
</strong></cite> (Macmillan/Nature Publishing, 2003;
Wiley, 2005) under the title <a href="mipia.htm">"Mental Imagery, Philosophical
Issues About"</a>. However, it</font><font size=2> provides a brief but
comprehensive guide to imagery theories in Cognitive Science generally, and
not just in philosophy, so it seems appropriate to give it a more meaningful
title here. It provides a concise version, or abstract, of much of the material
covered in more depth and detail in my <i><a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mental-imagery/" target="_blank">Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i> entry (below).</font>
<p></li>
<li><a target="_blank" href="http://philosophy.uwaterloo.ca/MindDict/imagination.html"><strong><em>Imagination</em></strong></a> from the online <a target="_blank" href="http://philosophy.uwaterloo.ca/MindDict/imagination.html"><cite><strong>Dictionary
of Philosophy of Mind</strong></cite>.*</a> <br>
<font size=2>This consists of a concise definition, an extended discussion
section, and a brief bibliography.</font><p></li>
<li><a href="viac.htm">Visual Imagery and Consciousness.*</a><br>
<font size="2">Published </font><font size="2"> in the <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0123738644?ie=UTF8&tag=imagmentimagc-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0123738644" target="_blank">Encyclopedia of Consciousness</a><img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=imagmentimagc-20&l=as2&o=1&a=0123738644" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" />
</em> (Elsevier/Academic Press, 2009). Considers
whether imagery should be understood as a form of conscious experience
that can function as mental representation, or as a form of mental
representation that can sometimes be consciously experienced. Outlines
the history of ideas about the cognitive importance of conscious imagery,
and of attempts to study individual differences in the subjective imagery
experience. Describes the three basic types of imagery theory (picture
theory, description theory, and enactive/perceptual activity theory)
and considers their implications for our understanding of conscious
experience. It is argued that picture and description theories are
directly challenged by the "hard problem" of
consciousness, but that enactive theory may be able to circumvent it</font>.<p></li>
<li><a href="wherebrain.htm">Which Part of the Brain does Imagination Come From?</a> <br>
<font size="2">Answering
a question from a child.</font>
<p>
<li> <strong><a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mental-imagery/" target="_blank">Mental Imagery</a></strong> from the <cite><strong><a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mental-imagery/" target="_blank">Stanford Encyclopedia
of Philosophy</a></strong></cite><a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mental-imagery/">.*</a><br>
<font size=2>A comprehensive account of the philosophical and scientific study
of mental imagery, and of its history, now <a class="balloon" target="_blank" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mental-imagery/" rel="StanfContBalloon">very much revised and expanded</a>,
compared to the very incomplete versions available before mid-2007. The
fact that some sections are presented as supplements is due to pressure
from the editors to keep the main entry from becoming too long. In
fact, however, the entry will be best understood if the supplements
are read at the positions they appear in on the main page, as if
they were regular subsections.</font>
<div id="StanfContBalloon" class="balloonstyle" style="width: 490px; background-color: #ddeeff"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#003300" size="2">
The topics now covered include: problems about definition of "mental imagery," and
the subtle but significant terminological problems that have bedeviled discussions
in the field; other quasi-perceptual phenomena; imagery in ancient times and
in other cultures; imagery in Classical and Early Modern philosophy; the history
of imagery research in scientific psychology before the advent of cognitive
science (i.e., the work of Wundt, James, Külpe and the Würzburg school, Titchener,
Perky, the imageless thought controversy, Jaensch's Nazi eidetics, Freud's
attitude to imagery, Gestalt psychology, motor theories of imagery, and the
behaviorist rejection of imagery); imagery in 20th century philosophy (especially
the views and influence of Wittgenstein); imagery in the cognitive revolution;
the mnemonic effects of imagery; Paivio's <em>dual coding</em> (imagery and
verbal) theory of human memory, and the conceptual issues it raises; experiments
on mental rotation and mental scanning, and other evidence that imagery has
inherently spatial characteristics; the problem of demand characteristics
in imagery experiments; the notorious "imagery debate" (a.k.a. the "analog-propositional" debate)
of the 1970s; Kosslyn's <em>quasi-pictorial</em> theory; and more recent theoretical
and empirical developments, including <em>enactive</em> (a.k.a. <em>perceptual
activity</em>) theory, research on the neurological syndrome of representational
neglect, and recent attempts to revive something very like the traditional
image theory of cognition. There is also a large annotated bibliography (covering
work on imagery from psychology, Artificial Intelligence research, neuroscience, and other disciplines,
as well as from philosophy).
</font></div>
<br>
<font size=1>Please <a href="cont.htm" target="_blank">email
me</a> with any comments or suggestions concerning the <i>Stanford Encyclopedia</i>
entry. It can always be revised.</font>
<p>
</ul>
<li><a name="Research"></a>
<h3> Research Articles, Conference Papers, etc.: </h3>
<p>
<ul class="sidemar3">
<li> <a href="spectrum.htm">The Multidimensional Spectrum of Imagination: Images, Dreams, Hallucinations,
and Active, Imaginative Perception.</a><br>
<font size="2">A general philosophical theory
of the concept of imagination and its cognitive function, including
a critique, based on recent scientific findings, of the "passive" Cartesian
view of perception.</font>
<p>
<li> <strong><a href="thesis.htm">Psychological Theories of Perception, Imagination and Mental Representation,
and Twentieth Century Philosophies of Science.</a></strong><br>
<font size="2">This is my doctoral thesis (dissertation) from 1987, made
freely available here for the first time. Despite its age, I believe that
most of its arguments and claims still hold water. Although some of the
material has since been covered or superseded by more recent publications
of mine (below), there is much that has not, and can only be found here.
There is not much overt philosophy of science in it, however.
It is mostly about the cognitive science of mental imagery.</font>
<p>
<li><b><a href="immicon.htm">Imagining Minds.</a></b><a href="immicon.htm">*</a><br>
<font size="2">A report on a conference held in <font color="#003366">Claremont,
California, February 6-8, 2003.</font> It was supposed to be about imagination,
but were the different presenters all talking about the same thing
(or even significantly related things). Were any of them actually talking
about <em>imagination</em>? </font>
<p>
<li><a href="pyl-com.htm"><b>The False Dichotomy of Imagery.</b>*</a><br>
<font size="2">A <a href="http://www.bbsonline.org" target="_blank"><cite>Behavioral
and Brain Sciences</cite></a> commentary on the latest move in the notorious
"<i>analog/propositional debate</i>" (an incisive new critique
of the "<i>analog</i>" or (<i>quasi-</i>)<i>pictorial</i> theory
of imagery, by Z.W. Pylyshyn). <b><font color="#FF0000">Perceptual Activity
Theory</font></b> provides a real, empirically and conceptually viable
alternative to both "<i>analog</i>" (picture) and "<i>propositional</i>"
(description) theories of imagery.</font>
<p>
<li> <a href="nonsym.htm"><b>A Non-Symbolic Theory of Conscious Content:
Imagery and Activity</b>.</a> <br>
<font size=2>This introduces the <font color="#FF0000"><strong><b>Perceptual
Activity </b></strong></font><b><font color="#FF0000">Theory</font></b>
of imagery (expounded more fully, and defended on different grounds in
<a href="#imim">the following article</a>), relating it to dynamical systems
theory, non-representational robotics, the history of AI, and the debate
over the necessity for and nature of representations in cognitive theory.</font>
<p>
<li> <a href="im-im/im-im.htm" name="imim"><img src="rotstar.gif" width="18" height="18" border="0"
align="Top" alt="imagery imagination"><b>Are Theories of Imagery Theories
of Imagination? An <em>Active Perception</em> Approach to Conscious Mental
Content.</b>*<img src="rotstar.gif" width="18" height="18" border="0" align="Top"
alt="imagination imagery"></a><br>
<font size=2>The <font color="Red"><strong>Perceptual Activity Theory</strong></font>
of mental imagery - a radical alternative to both 'quasi-pictorial' (or
'analog') <strong>and</strong> 'description' (or 'propositional') theories
- is described and defended. I consider this my major position statement
and my principal contribution to date to both philosophy and cognitive
science. It deals with consciousness, intentionality, and creativity
in both the arts and the sciences, as well as imagination and imagery.</font>
<p>
<li><a href="atoitoi90.htm">Are Theories of Imagery Theories of Imagination? (1990 version).</a><br />
<font size="2">Very different from the <a href="im-im/im-im.htm" class="unob">version that was eventually published</a> in
1999.</font>
<p>
<li><a href="newsupa.htm"><b>New Support for the Perceptual Activity Theory
of Mental Imagery</b></a><br>
<font size="2">A bibliographic essay detailing empirical and theoretical
work (mostly very recently published) that provides further support for
the <font color="Red"><strong>Perceptual Activity Theory</strong></font>
of mental imagery (beyond the evidence and arguments presented in "<a href="im-abs.htm">Are
Theories of Imagery Theories of Imagination?</a>"). Expect updates
and additions to this page. </font>
<p>
<li><a href="schemata.htm"><b>A Note on "Schema" and "Image Schema"</b>.</a><br>
<font size="2">A brief note clarifying the intended meaning and the provenance
of one of the key concepts of <font color="#FF0000"><strong>Perceptual
Activity Theory</strong></font> of imagery, as presented above. I distinguish
it from the concept of "image schema" as found in Lakoff &
Johnson's theory of metaphorical thought, and speculate on how the two
theories might be reconciled.</font></li>
<p>
<li> <a href="whit-abs.htm"><b>Imagery and the Coherence of Imagination:
A critique of White.</b>*</a> <br>
<font size=2>Recent philosophical orthodoxy notwithstanding, a unified
understanding of imagination and imagery is attainable.</font>
<p>
<li> <a href="stim-abs.htm">A Stimulus to the Imagination
(Essay review of <cite>Questioning Consciousness</cite> by
Ralph D. Ellis).*</a><br>
<font size=2>Why imagery based theories of cognition went out of fashion
- and why they might be ready for a comeback.</font>
<p>
<li> <a href="tyerev.htm"><b>Review of Michael Tye's: <cite>The Imagery
Debate</cite>.</b>*</a> <a name="tyerev1"></a><br>
<font size=2>The book is excellent on the 'analog' vs. 'propositional'
('picture' vs. 'description') debate, but not so good on imagery <em>per
se</em>.</font>
<p>
<li> <a href="dun-wat.htm"><b>Experience and Theory as Determinants of Attitudes
toward Mental Representation: The Case of Knight Dunlap and the Vanishing
Images of J.B. Watson.</b>*</a> <br>
<font size=2>Iconophobia, introspection, the origins of Behaviorism, and
the long banishment of the mental image from psychological discourse.
How reliable are verbal reports of imagery (or the lack of imagery)? Also,
an early precursor of the <a href="#imim">Perceptual Activity Theory</a>
of imagery is described.</font>
<p>
<li> <b><a href="im-c-abs.htm">Imagination, Eliminativism, and the Pre-History
of Consciousness.</a></b> <br>
<font size=2>Eliminative materialists notwithstanding, consciousness is
<em>not</em> a modern invention: <em><strong>imagination</strong></em>
once did much of the conceptual work that <em><strong>consciousness</strong></em>
does now. Understanding imagination may thus be the key to understanding
consciousness.</font>
<p>
<li><a name="nonimagers"></a><a href="non-im.htm"><b>Are
There People Who Do Not Experience Imagery? (And why does it matter?) </b></a><font size="2"><font
size=2 color="#006600"><sup>(New material added, August 11, 2010)</sup></font><br>
Rescued from the wreck of Psyche-D. Updated with some minor clarifications
and an addendum (2007-2010) discussing recent developments. </font>
<p>
<li> <a href="sim-elim.htm"><b>Attitude and Image, or, What Will Simulation
Let Us Eliminate?</b></a><br>
<font size=2>Robert Gordon's <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/folkpsych-simulation/" target="_blank">"radical
simulation" theory of folk psychology</a> is considered in relation to
the eliminative materialism of the Churchlands and the <a href="#imim">Perceptual
Activity Theory</a> of imagery and imagination. Could this be a recipe
for a new slant on the mind-body problem?</font>
<p>
<li> <a href="dualcode.htm"><b>Coding Dualism: Conscious Thought without
Cartesianism or Computationalism.</b></a> <br>
<font size=2>Draft of an imagery and natural language based theory of
deliberative thought and reflective consciousness. Based on Paivio's <em>Dual
Coding</em> theory of memory.</font>
<p>
</ul>
<li>
<h3> Presentations available only as abstracts: </h3>
<p>
<ul class="sidemar3">
<li><a href="outbrain.htm"><b>Experience (and Mental Representation) Outside
the Brain.</b></a><br>
<font size="2">Reconciling the representationalist theory of consciousness
with the sensori-motor theory and an externalist view of mental representation.</font>
<p>
<li> <b><a href="stud-abs.htm">The Study of Imagination as an Approach to
Consciousness.</a></b><br>
<font size=2>Imagination as the bridge between body and mind.</font>
<p>
<li> <a href="ik-abs.htm"><b>Imagery and Knowledge: A Historical Analysis.</b></a><br>
<font size=2>The Romantic concept of imagination as the source of knowledge
- linked to Aristotelian <i>phantasia</i> and cognitive imagery theory.</font>
<p>
<li> <a href="gest-abs.htm"><b>Gestalt Psychology as a Theory of Imagination.</b></a><br>
<font size=2>The neurophysiological field theory of Gestalt psychology
was a pioneering attempt to provide a physicalist theory of imagination.</font>
</ul>
</ul>
<p>
<h2> <a href="#my" name="other"><font color="Maroon"><u>Other issues in the theory
of mind and consciousness:</u></font></a> </h2>
<ul class="sidemar3">
<li> <a href="col-real.htm"><b>Color Realism: Toward a Solution to the "Hard Problem".</b>*</a><br>
<font size=2>A new (I think) perspective on how to outfit an expedition across
the <strong>explanatory gap</strong> in order to bring qualitative, phenomenal
consciousness within the purview of science. Qualities, not qualia!<i> (See
the next two items for more on this issue.)</i></font>
<p>
<li> <a href="porsche.htm"><b>Avoiding the Porsche-Driving Zombie.</b></a><br>
<font size="2">The coming (I hope) revolution in perceptual theory, and a sketch
of a physicalistic account of qualitative experience.</font>
<p>
<li><a href="tyeccc.htm"><b>Review of Michael Tye's<cite> Consciousness, Color,
and Content</cite>.</b>*</a><br>
<font size="2">A brilliant, though difficult and, in parts, tedious book. Tye's
<em>representationalist</em> answer to the "hard problem" seems, in
many respects, like a more fully articulated version of the view I sketch in
the two brief articles listed above. However, Tye's theory as it stands is implausible;
I believe because it relies on an untenable understanding of mental representation
in general, and <a href="#tyerev1">imagery</a> in particular.</font>
<p>
<li> <a href="sb-com.htm"><b>Perceptual Systems: Five+, One, or Many?</b>*</a><br>
<font size=2>How many senses do we really have? Direct perception and the redundancy
of specification. A <cite><a href="http://www.bbsonline.org" target="_blank">Behavioral
and Brain Sciences</a></cite> commentary.</font>
<p>
<li> <a href="zom-abs.htm"><b>Zombie Killer.</b>*</a> <br>
<font size=2>Consciousness, functionalism and intentionality. Physicalism vindicated.
Zombies proven to be conceptually impossible!</font>
<p>
<li> <a href="marytxt.htm"><b>Mary Doesn't Know Science: On misconceiving a science
of consciousness.</b></a> <br>
<font size=2>The real problem with the "knowledge argument" against physicalism:
philosophers misconceive science. A science of consciousness may be posible
after all.</font>
<p>
<li> <a href="tay-rev.htm"><b>Review of John Taylor's <cite>The Race for Consciousness</cite>.</b>*</a><br>
<font size=2>Is identifying qualia with brain states <em>really</em> the only
way to be a good scientific materialist? No. Read the review, not the book!</font>
<p>
<li> <a href="assc1cr.htm"><b>What Does Implicit Cognition Tell Us About Consciousness?</b>*</a><br>
<font size="2">A report and reflections (which still seem relevant) on the first
conference of the <a href="http://www.assc.caltech.edu/" target="_blank">Association
for the Scientific Study of Consciousness</a> in 1997. I don't know why it took
me so long to get it on to the site. This conference was the last occasion when
I got to meet and talk to my good friend and mentor Ullin Place, before his
untimely death in 2000. He is much missed, by me and by all serious students
of consciousness.</font>
</ul>
<p>
<h2>
<a href="#my" name="biochem"><font color="#996600"><u>Some material on the
History of Biochemistry:</u></font></a>
</h2>
<ul class="sidemar3">
<li> <a href="hopkins.htm">The Life and Scientific Work of <strong>Sir Frederick
Gowland Hopkins</strong>.*</a><br>
<font color="#946015" size="2">Pioneer of the discipline of Biochemistry, and
discoverer of vitamins and essential amino acids.</font>
<p>
<li> <a href="nirenber.htm">The Life and Scientific Work of <strong>Marshall W.
Nirenberg</strong>.*</a><br>
<font color="#946015" size="2">The man who cracked the genetic code.</font>
</ul>
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<dl>
<dt>
<a href="i-lnks.htm"><img border="0" align="Middle" width="26" height="27"
src="grnstar.gif" alt="imagination"> Imagination Links.</a>
<dd>
Miscellaneous web sites that discuss the nature of imagination (and related
concepts), or are otherwise relevant to understanding it.
<p>
<dt>
<a href="mi-lnks.htm"><img border="0" align="Middle" width="26" height="27"
src="grnstar.gif" alt="mental images"> Mental Imagery - Theories and
Experiments.</a>
<dd>
An extensive listing of web sites dealing with the psychology, cognitive
science and philosophy of mental imagery.
<p>
<dt>
<a href="psy-lnks.htm"><img border="0" align="Middle" width="26" height="27"
src="grnstar.gif" alt="applied mental imagery"> Applied Mental
Imagery</a>.
<dd>
Imagery based techniques have been used quite extensively in clinical
psychology and psychotherapy, psychological and even spiritual "self-help," sports
training, pain control, etc. (Material on mnemonic applications
of imagery, which may overlap with educational ones, can be found on the
<a href="mi-lnks.htm">Mental Imagery - Theories
and Experiments</a> page.) I am <b>not</b>
<em>recommending</em> or <em>endorsing</em> any of the techniques or services
described on these sites.
<p>
<dt>
<a href="jrnls.htm"><img border="0" align="Middle" width="26" height="27"
src="grnstar.gif" alt="imagination"> Journals.</a>
<dd>Web sites of peer review journals that cover imagery, imagination, consciousness etc.
<p>
<dt>
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src="grnstar.gif" alt="dreams"> Links on Dreaming.</a>
<dd>
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and to consist largely or entirely of imagery.
<p>
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<dd>
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<p>
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src="grnstar.gif" alt="consciousness mind cognition"> Links on Consciousness,
Cognition, and the Philosophy of Mind.</a>
<dd>
Here are some recommended sites for anyone who came looking for general material
on consciousness, the philosophy of mind, and/or cognition, rather than
specifically on mental imagery or imagination
</dl>
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